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<text>
<title>
(1920s) Labor:A Rabbit Keeper:AFL
</title>
<history>Time-The Weekly Magazine-1920s Highlights</history>
<article>
<source>Time Magazine</source>
<hdr>
TIME Magazine
October 1, 1923
Labor:A Rabbit Keeper
</hdr>
<body>
<p> A rabbit with a cork leg, wobbly ears and a false eye, its
bodily structure fabricated of brown cotton, is paying a visit
to Portland, Ore. The reason of this animal's visit is the
opening of the annual Convention of the American Federation of
Labor on October 1. The rabbit is there as the mascot of the
greatest cigar-maker in the world's history--Samuel Gompers.
</p>
<p> As the Federation of Labor goes into its 43rd year, it is
the most influential labor body in the Western Hemisphere. The
story of how it became what it is really began more than 73
years ago. In London, east of the City, lies Whitechapel, a slum
largely inhabited by Jews. There, in January, 1850, a son born
to Solomon Gompers, Jewish cigar-maker. That son was Samuel. He
had but four years of schooling. At the age of ten he was
apprenticed to a shoemaker; out of dislike for that trade he
soon gave up that trade for cigar-making. Those were the days
of the Civil War, and his first serious reading was anti-slavery
pamphlets. He became an Abolitionist.
</p>
<p> In the midst of the Civil War, aged 13, he came to America.
Before the war was over, he had organized the first cigar-
makers' union in New York. Since then he has devoted himself to
leadership in the American labor movement.
</p>
<p> Cigar-making is not a trade of such outstanding importance
that it should command the labor of a nation; yet if helped Sam
Gompers to his high place. The cigar-makers worked better while
their minds were busy. So they arranged for one of their number
to read to them while they worked, making their own cigars and
an equal share for the reader. Sam Gompers became a favorite
reader. Thereby he acquired a precise enunciation, a mellifluous
voice and an effective oral interpretation of words. It also
brought him a wide contact with English literature, to which he
added a knowledge of the works of English and German economists.
</p>
<p> Thus prepared, his vigorous personality was competent to
handle the difficult situations of labor politics. His power of
persuasion is only equaled by his fighting power, and it is
rarely that one or the other is not triumphant.
</p>
<p> In 1881 he helped to organize the Federation of Organized
Trades and Labor Unions, reorganized five years later into the
American Federation of Labor. He might have been its first
President, but he declined and was made Vice President. The
following year he was President. He has held that position ever
since, except in 1894-95, when he was barely defeated by John
McBride, leader of the coal miners. For practically 43 years he
has dominated the greatest labor organization in America.
</p>
<p> Br'er Rabbit, of whom the brown cotton bunny is a
representation, was suggested years ago by Mr. Gompers'
secretary, who detected a decided likeness between Uncle Remus'
Br'er Rabbit and her chief. It was the play of wits between
Br'er Rabbit and the enemies that sought to corner him that made
the secretary think of the mental adroitness of Samuel Gompers
in a similar situation. She found the rabbit "human-looking,
with a glint of knowingness in his eye, an all pervading air of
good will, an absence of bitterness in his make-up." So she
purchased the cotton rabbit and presented it to Mr. Gompers.
And "Br'er" has sat ever since as mascot on the labor leader's
desk, has accompanied him on his travels.
</p>
<p>His Tenets:
</p>
<p> As labor leaders go, Samuel Gompers is a conservative.
</p>
<p> "Organized labor" is one of Mr. Gompers' ideals. "I can
explain my position," he has said, "by a story. You see a boy
whistling mightily as he approaches a yellow dog. He kicks the
dog into the gutter and goes on whistling loudly. Then he comes
to a bulldog. He looks at him but he doesn't touch him."
Unorganized labor is the yellow dog, organized labor the
bulldog.
</p>
<p> "One big union" is an idea to which Mr. Gompers has always
been vigorously opposed. he believes in autonomous unions within
each trade, coordinated and assisted by the Federation of which
he is leader.
</p>
<p> "A labor party" is contrary to his principles. He fears it
might split union ranks. Nevertheless his organization makes a
practice of disseminating political information in regard to
records of candidates for public offices and their attitude
toward labor.
</p>
<p> "Government ownership" he vigorously opposes, and one of
his few great defeats was when the A.F. of L. Convention of 1920
voted for Government ownership of the railroads.
</p>
<p> "Woman Suffrage" had his approval.
</p>
<p> "Socialism and Communism" have always been anathema to him.
He fought the propaganda of the Socialist Berger and still
fights the radicalism of William Z. Foster and the "Soviet
invasion" of the U.S. He has said in his speeches: "I pity the
Socialists...I have read all their books. I know all their
arguments...I do not regard them as rational beings...If
the lesser and immediate demands of labor could not be obtained
from society as it is, it would be mere dreaming to preach and
pursue the will-o'-the -wisp, a new society constructed from
rainbow materials..."
</p>
<p> "Capitalism" is not a Gompers fetish, as his opposition to
Socialism indicates. He declared: "There is no necessity to
worry about how labor and capital can be reconciled, for they
are one and the same."
</p>
<p> "Life" is no pathway of roses in Mr. Gompers view.
"Happiness cannot be granted to man below," he philosophized.
"Life is but a strife...I have almost had my very soul burned
in the trials of life..."
</p>
<p>His Rope:
</p>
<p> The A.F. of L. has been called "a rope of sand" because it
is a federation of autonomous unions, not a union of dependent
bodies. It was originally formed in opposition to the contrary
ideal of the Knights of Labor. The fact that the rope of sand
has become a powerful organization may be attributed largely to
the personal energy of the man at its head.
</p>
<p> But the fact that the A.F.of L. is a loosely knit body
means that Mr. Gompers still has to fight the battles he has
waged from the very beginning. He will be faced at Portland by
demands for one big union, for recognition of Soviet Russia and
other radical measures. There will be two days for the
presentation of resolutions, and the remainder of a two weeks'
sessions will be devoted to committee hearings and the passage
of resolutions. Among the questions to be dealt with will be
restriction of immigrations, compulsory arbitration, child and
female labor legislation, labor banks.
</p>
<p> About 500 delegates will be in attendance who will cast
about 3,500 votes, one vote for each 1,000 members in the entire
organization of about 3,500,000. Theoretically the functions of
the Federation extend little beyond this annual passage of
resolutions. Actually the Federation settles jurisdictional
disputes between unions, issues charters and assists in the
formation of local unions and trade unions which become its
members. Over its member unions, especially the smaller ones,
it exercises an effective, if unrecognized, general discipline.
</p>
<p> Mr. Gompers may proudly survey his work--an organization
with 3,500,000 members, which he helped to found with less than
50,000; an organization with a budget of over half a million
dollars as compared to less than $200 43 years ago; a power in
labor, a power in politics.
</p>
</body>
</article>
</text>